I did some experiments with
www.pontifex.mendelsohn.de/tslope1.pxl - the file contains 7 different up slopes. It runs very slowly on my machine, I would appreciate if someone would run other tests. The cables at the bottom can be used to determine how much of the train got up the slope, just line them up so you know you're not looking diagonally. I need the cables to hold the deck because anchor-to-anchor building is not allowed - for any type of material. If do timing, provide your times compared to a ground run in the same level - it would be best if you changed only 1-2 deck pieces between the comparison runs because these changes can affect the sim speed.
My result so far:
A 1-car-train can only get the engine up a 3x3y slope on the first go before sliding back. A 10-car train gets the engine and 8 cars up on hard (6.5 cars on easy), and it is still accelerating when it is (my imagination) passing the 1-car-train! This means the 10-car-train has a stronger engine, which is the explanation why short trains are not faster.
The strongest engine would be a 10-car engine on "hard"; if you could separate it from its cars, it should go very fast ;-)